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thermal stratification and eutrophication

The thermal stratification of lakes refers to a change in the temperature in the lake at different depths. Physical and chemical both forces are responsible for the process of stratification. At the time of thermal stratification, temperature changes The pond was weakly to strongly thermally stratified throughout the study. Rokhsareh Ziaie, Bayramali Mohammadnezhad, Masoud Taheriyoun, Abdolreza Karimi, Samia Amiri, Evaluation of Thermal Stratification and Eutrophication in Zayandeh Roud Dam Reservoir Using Two-Dimensional CE-QUAL-W2 Model, Journal of Environmental Engineering, 10.1061/(ASCE)EE.1943-7870.0001529, 145, 6, (05019001), (2019). chemical precipitation of phosphate followed by sediments dredging and/or promoting aquaculture and fish catch. The water body was classified as eutrophic throughout the study, and the details of water quality, thermal stratification, and the trophic status are discussed in the following sections. This autotrophic metabolism is apparently enhanced by eutrophication. Therefore, it becomes important to adopt effective interventions which result in reduction in import of phosphate and enhance its export, e.g. Blooms do not occur under complete mixing of the water column (Bormans et al. Since TSI-TP > TSI-Chl > TSI-SD, the transparency of water is not affected significantly limiting the effects of eutrophication. Thermal stratification was observed during the summer months. - 70.39.235.208. The concentration of available phosphate (orthophosphate phosphorus) during the study period ranged from a maximum of 9.4 ± 1.2 mg/L under reducing condition (ORP − 299 mV) in February to a minimum of 7.1 ± 0.9 mg/l under oxidising condition (ORP 137 mV) in March. The concentration of dissolved phosphate remains lower under oxidising conditions since binding of PO43− takes place with Fe3+ and Al3+ ions which forms an insoluble metal–phosphate complex under oxidising conditions, whereas under reducing conditions Fe3+ ions are reduced to Fe2+ which breaks the metal–phosphate complex resulting in remobilisation of phosphate in water (Haritash et al. The selected water quality parameters, which are effective in eutrophication, included nitrate Reducing the nutrient load on the lake may not be possible and alternative actions are required such as minimising or removing the magnifying effects of thermal stratification on the eutrophication process. The selected water quality parameters, which are effective in eutrophication, included nitrate (NO3), phosphate (PO4), dissolved oxygen (DO), and total phosphorus (TP). 2. Wells. The former can produce a mesotrophic condition while the latter needs excessive reaeration in order to decrease trophic levels and phosphorus concentration in the hypolimnion. Abstract. Sources of Groundwater Pollution. Such thermal stratification occurs because of the large differences in density (weight) between warm and cold waters. Based on the results obtained, the shallow pond in DTU receives significantly high concentration of dissolved phosphate and it undergoes thermal stratification seasonally. Am Geophys Union 46:1–27, Boehrer B, Fukuyama R, Chikita K (2008) Stratification of very deep, thermally stratified lakes. Trophic state is defined as the total weight of the biomass in a water body at a specific location and time (Devi Prasad and Siddaraju 2012). 2015). Buoyancy frequency and Richardson number having its critical value Ncri = 0.025 s−1, Rcri = 0.25 (Pernica and Wells 2012) below which little or no mixing is observed, ranged from maximum of 2.18 during January to a minimum of 1.02 in April (Table 1). Extraction and determination of chlorophyll were performed according to the method prescribed by Arnon (1949). A popular method for examining trophic state of a water body uses the Trophic State Index (TSI) developed by Carlson (1977) to determine Carlson Trophic State Index (CTSI). The combined CTSI was observed to more than 100 (Table 3) in all the cases indicating that the pond is eutrophic throughout the study; CTSI value from the observation was found to be maximum in April (117) and minimum in March (113) due to low concentration of phosphate in water during March. of Technology, Qom 37195-1519, Iran. Thermal and chemical stratification of water bodies has a strong bearing upon the water quality since it regulates mixing of nutrients/pollutants and affects the aquatic life in it. Chlorophyll was calculated by using following equation given by Arnon (1949). Cultural eutrophication is a process that speeds up the rate of natural eutrophication by increasing the inflow rate of nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorous) into the water body. Thermal stratification of a reservoir is a physical process that produces a biologically eutrophic system at lower concentrations of dissolved nutrients. This may also be attributed to zooplankton grazing and/or limitation of nitrogen. of Civil Engineering, Isfahan Univ. Seasonal behaviour of thermal stratification and trophic status in a sub-tropical Palustrine water body, $${\text{Chlorophyll}}\;{\text{`a'}}\left( {\text{mg/ml}} \right) = \left( {0.0127} \right) \times \left( {A663} \right)-\left( {0.00269} \right) \times \left( {A645} \right)$$, $${\text{Secchi disk:}}\quad {\text{TSI}}\left( {\text{SD}} \right) = 60 - 14.41\ln \left( {\text{SD}} \right)$$, $${\text{Chlorophyll a:}}\quad {\text{TSI}}\left( {\text{CHL}} \right) = 9.81\ln \left( {\text{Chl}} \right) + 30.6$$, $${\text{Total phosphorus:}}\quad {\text{TSI}}\left( {\text{TP}} \right) = 14.42\ln \left( {\text{TP}} \right) + 4.15$$, $${\text{CTSI}} = \left\{ {\left( {{\text{TSI}} - {\text{SD}}} \right) + \left( {{\text{TSI}} - {\text{Chl}}} \right) + \left( {{\text{TSI}} - {\text{TP}}} \right)} \right\}/3$$, $$R = {N^2}/{({\text{d}}u/{\text{d}}z)^2}$$, https://doi.org/10.1186/s13717-017-0079-3, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-019-1011-z. Warm monomictic: Lakes that circulate freely during the winter, having a stable thermal stratification during the summer. The reservoir eutrophication condition was investigated based on Carlson’s index, which indicated that the reservoir was in the eutrophic condition in most months of the year. Near-surface stratification was found to be weak during April with minimum R value, because epilimnion gets completely mixed due to the high wind speed. Eutrophication. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Further analysis of this data, including calculation of Buoyancy frequency and Richardson number (R), is also included. LET's Aeration Technologies ensure that proper mixing delivers guaranteed results that meet effluent limits. It is d ue to the change in density of water with change in temperature. of Civil Engineering, Qom Univ. The publication also describes the instrumentation used in such studies, some of which is new. Variation of temperature with depth is described in Fig. Limnol Oceanogr 22(2):361–369, Chubarenko I, Chubarenko B, Esiukova E, Baudler H (2010) Mixing by Langmuir circulation in shallow lagoons. Applied Water Science The concentration of available and total phosphate was observed to be significantly high considering its potential (more than 1.0 mg/l) for eutrophication. Phosphorous which is generally recognized as the key nutrient for algal growth is an essential element to determine the fertility of ponds (Shah and Pandit 2012). Wind-driven mixing in epilimnion of deep lakes has been studied by Pernica and Wells (2012), and a positive correlation of wind-induced mixing with thermal stratification using gradient Richardson number is mentioned. 2008). In addition, two management scenarios, reduction of nutrients loads and reaeration of the hypolimnion, were evaluated to mitigate the eutrophication. 2. 2015). Adv Appl Sci Res 3(5):2992–2996, George DG (1981) Wind-induced water movements in the South Basin of Windermere. 2018). Email: Assistant Professor, Dept. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.91754. ABSTRACT: Increasing water demand and spread of water pollution through the development of agricultural, urban, industrial, and mineral activities have caused unfavorable conditions in many parts of the world, including Iran. present in the DTU pond. [Seasonal stratification and eutrophication characteristics of a deep reservoir, Longtan Reservoir in subtropical area of China]. Cold water is denser than warm water and the upper layer consists of water that is not as dense as the water in the lower layer. This process may result in oxygen depletion of the water body after the bacterial degradation of the algae. 1). The authors found the plume is responsible for generation of stable salty water with inverse thermal stratification in the bottom layer.The present study is to develop a model that can reproduce eutrophication as well as seasonal variation of the thermal and salinity structure produced by this mechanism. Fig. The authors acknowledge the help of DTU administration for providing necessary facilities to undertake the study. Email: Assistant Professor, Dept. thermal stratification, eutrophication, sediment yield, and reservoir sediment distribution and volume-weight. By Scott A. Other parameters were determined within 24 h using standard methods as prescribed by APHA (1995). Lakes and ponds in temperate climates develop a thermal stratification due to lack of mixing of water as they are stagnant water bodies. Cite this article. As per the literature available, a water body is classified as thermally stratified if dT/dz is greater than 0.1 °C/m. Student, Dept. 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